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Golden Age of pirates

As an island, Britain was home to several pirates and privateers. Piracy was so prevalent in fact that an era during the Elizabethan period was known as the Golden Age of Piracy.

The Golden Age of Piracy covers a time period between the 1650s and 1730s, when piracy was rife around the North Atlantic and Indian Oceans. It was typically split into three different eras, the Buccaneering Period, which mostly covered the Caribbean and saw ships attacking Spanish vessels and those transporting goods around the Pacific; the Pirate Round which involved long distance voyages between the Americas and mostly involved the East India Company and the Post Spanish Succession period, where sailors left unemployed after the end of the War of Spanish Succession turned to piracy.

History of piracy

As an island, Britain was home to several pirates and privateers. Piracy was so prevalent in fact that an era during the Elizabethan period was known as the Golden Age of Piracy.

History of piracy

Piracy began to emerge following conflicts over trade and colonisation among rival European powers, including Britain, Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal and France. Most pirates in this era were of Welsh, English, Dutch, Irish and French origins and tended to come from poorer areas.

When it comes to British pirates, the majority came from coastal towns, like Bristol, Plymouth and other areas of the West Country, hence the accent we all recognise. Others came from London docklands areas.

It is believed that the Golden Age of Piracy began around 1650 following the Wars of Religion which allowed European countries to resume the development of their colonial empires. This involved sea travel, leading to rival countries attacking and raiding ships for the goods they were carrying, much of it high in value.

The increase of piracy around Tortuga began after the English captured Jamaica from Spain. The early governors freely allowed buccaneers and fellow Englishmen to raid passing shops and to sell anything they had stolen around the markets. It was around this time that the pirate Henry Morgan plundered, sacked and burned Panama City.

1690s-1700

During this decade, pirates began looking beyond the Caribbean. The Glorious Revolution in England had restored the traditional rivalry between Britain and France and ended the friendship between English Jamaica and French Tortuga.

Post Spanish Succession

From around 1714, various peace treaties ended the War of the Spanish Succession and thousands of men, who had been employed in several European navies found themselves unemployed and looking for ways to make money at the time when cross Atlantic shipping was starting to boom.

This led to a rise in piracy around the Atlantic, the majority of the British names from this time were ex-privateers and included Charles Vane, Samual Bellamy, Benjamin Hornigold and Henry Jennings.

As part of the settlement following the War of the Spanish Succession, the British South Sea Company was awarded a contract to supply slaves to Spain’s colonies and contributed heavily to the rise in piracy in this part of the world. Living conditions and wages at this time were so bad that many sailors preferred the freedom of being a pirate compared to living within the law. Sailors for the Royal Navy often had little to eat and rarely saw their families, which led to many of them deserting the crown and turning to piracy instead. This is one of the reasons why pirates were so well equipped at fighting the navy.

Pirates vs Privateers

During the Golden Age of Piracy, many that undertook piracy were excused of their crimes for being privateers. There are a few differences between the two, however, the name pirate was originally given to buccaneers who operated around the Caribbean when they were paid by the government to attack Spanish ships. Later, they started doing this without the incentive of pay.

Privateers on the other hand were private persons who engaged in maritime warfare under a commission of war, which gave them the authority to raid enemy ships with exemption from piracy charges. Privateers have been in existence since the Middle Ages, when ship owners were given permission to attack in revenge for a loss of their own ships.

The end of piracy

By the 18^th century, tolerance for privateers was wearing thin across the world, especially after the Treaty of Ultrecht, which was the result of the War of the Spanish Succession. The Treaty allowed the British to establish naval superiority in Europe, as well as control of Menorca and Gibraltar, which remains under British ownership.

Best known privateers

A Privateer is a private person who was granted permission to engage in maritime warfare. Many were awarded letters of marque from the monarch or government, which empowered them to attack foreign vessels, seize the goods and then divide the proceeds between themselves, the issuer of the letter, the crew and any sponsors.

Sir Francis Drake
Best known for circumnavigating the world in a single expedition. He would become a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I and was involved in the Spanish and English Armadas.

Sir John Hawkins
Hawkins was an early promoter of the English slave trade and was a cousin of Francis Drake. He served in the victory against the Spanish Armada and was also involved in the English Armada.

Sir George Somers
Somers was knighted for his achievements as part of the Virgina Company of London, he is remembered as the founder of the English colony of Bermuda.

Sir Walter Raleigh
Another of Queen Elizabeth’s favourites, Raleigh was granted a royal charter which allowed him to explore, colonise and rule any land that was not “possessed of any Christian Prince or inhabited by Christian People."

Best known British pirates

Black Sam Bellamy
Known as the Robin hood of Pirates, he prided himself on his ideological justifications for piracy. He was the captain of the Wydah Gally and was lost in a storm off Cape Cod in 1717.

Stede Bonnet
A rich land owner, Bonnet turned to piracy in search of adventure and was captain of the Revenge. He was caught and executed in 1718.

Henry Every
One of the major pirates of the Golden Age of Piracy who actually managed to retire without being arrested or dying in battle. He was known to captain the Ganj-i-Sawai.

William Fly
His execution is said to have ended the Golden Age of Piracy.

William Captain Kid
Supposedly left behind buried treasure that has never been found, he was executed for piracy at Execution Dock in London.

Edward Low
Unlike most pirates, who came from Britain’s coastal towns, Low was born in Westminster. He was never captured but was feared throughout the world for torturing his prisoners.

Henry Morgan
The pirate who was famous for taking Panama City and burning it to the ground. He was supposed to executed but was instead knighted and made governor of Jamaica, you might recognise his name from the brand of rum.

Calico Jack Rackham
Was known for partnering with infamous female pirates Anne Bonny and Mary Read. He was captured and executed in Port Royal, Jamaica.

Black Bart Roberts
Believed to be the most successful western pirate of all time.

Edward Blackbeard Teach
The most notorious pirate, he was best known for captaining the Queen Anne’s Revenge, he was eventually killed by British sailors.

Charles Vane
Unpopular with his crew, Vane was marooned by his fellow pirates before being captured and executed.

Benjamin Hornigold
An English pirate who founded the Republic of Pirates and mentored Blackbeard. He was pardoned by the monarchy and became a pirate hunter.

Anne Bonny and Mary Read
These were the best known female pirates. Bonny had a notorious reputation and eloped with Calico Jack Rackham. Read had been posing as a man her entire life and had even been in the British Military. She joined Rackham’s crew and the three of them had a polyamorous relationship. When they were attacked, both women were captured and sentenced to death but stalled their executions by claiming to be pregnant.

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Parham House & Gardens

Address

Parham Park, Parham, Pulborough, West Sussex, RH20 4HS

Telephone
01903 742021

enquiries@parhaminsussex.co.uk

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Set within an ancient deer park below the South Downs, Parham is one of the country's finest Elizabethan Houses, complete with a Great Hall and Long Gallery. The award-winning gardens consist of beautiful Pleasure Grounds and Walled Garden.

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Address

Coach Road, Coalbrookdale, Telford, Shropshire, TF8 7DQ

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Address

Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 5HX

Telephone
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Address

Alderford Street, Sible Hedingham, Essex, CO9 3XH

Telephone
0774 090 1323

gemma.clayton@essex.gov.uk

Sible Hedingham

One of the most complete historic watermills in Essex with most of the original machinery. Restored working water wheel. Open weekends in spring and summer.

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Address

Minterne Magna, Nr Dorchester, Dorset, DT2 7AU

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enquiries@minterne.co.uk

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Harlech Castle (Cadw)

Address

Harlech Castle (Cadw), Castle Square, Harlech, Gwynedd, LL46 2YH

Telephone
01766 780552

harlechcastle@wales.gsi.gov.uk

Harlech

Explore the magnificent castle of Edward I at Harlech - which is inscribed on the World Heritage List. One of the most formidable and dominant fortresses in Wales. Panoramic views of Snowdonia and the sea. On site exhibition.

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All Saints' Church, Billesley

Address

Billesley, Stratford Upon Avon, Warwickshire, B49 6NF

jrobertson@thecct.org.uk

Stratford Upon Avon

A light-filled gem with a Shakespearean connection

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Address

Siddington, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK11 9JY

Telephone
01625 861221

info@capesthorne.com

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Sculptures, paintings, furniture and family monuments. A Georgian chapel, tearooms, gardens, lakes, nature walks and a touring caravan park.

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Address

Amesbury, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 7DE

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The Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites World Heritage Site is internationally important for its complexes of outstanding prehistoric monuments. Stonehenge is the most architecturally sophisticated prehistoric stone circle in the world, while…

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All Saints' Church, Alton Priors

Address

Alton Priors, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SN8 4LB

jrobertson@thecct.org.uk

Salisbury

Mysterious trapdoors, buried Sarsen stones and ancient yew trees

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American Museum and Gardens

Address

Claverton, Bath, Somerset, BA2 7BD

Telephone
+44 (0)1225 460503

enquiries@americanmuseum.org

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Located in a Grade I listed building, the American Museum and Gardens features collections from the United States and displays that recreate periods of American history, as well as a world renowned folk art, quilt and map collection.

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Gwynedd Castles and Town Walls of King Edward

Address

Various locations across Wales, Bedwas, Caerphilly, Mid Glamorgan, CF83 8WT

Caerphilly

The four castles of Beaumaris, Conwy, Caernarfon, Harlech and the attendant fortified towns at Conwy and Caernarfon in Gwynedd, North Wales, are the finest examples of late 13th century and early 14th century military architecture in Europe, as…

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Tabley House

Address

Tabley Lane, Knutsford, Cheshire, WA16 0HB

Telephone
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Knutsford

The finest Palladian house in the northwest, Tabley was designed by John Carr of York for the Leicester family. It houses one of the finest collections of English paintings, including works by Turner, Reynolds, Lawrence and Dobson.

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Bosworth Battlefield Heritage Centre & Country Park

Address

Ambion Lane, Sutton Cheney, Nuneaton, Leicestershire, CV13 0AD

Telephone
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Nuneaton

Bosworth Battlefield Heritage Centre tells the dramatic story of the Battle fought on 22nd August 1485, which marked a major turning point in English history when Richard III lost his life and crown at the hands of Henry Tudor’s army.

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Monzie Castle

Address

Crieff, Perthshire, PH7 4HD

Telephone
01764 653110

info@stately-homes.com

Perthshire

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Gainsborough's House

Address

46 Gainsborough Street, Sudbury, Suffolk, CO10 2EU

Telephone
01787 372958

mail@gainsborough.org

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The Manor, Hemingford Grey

Address

Hemingford Grey, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, PE28 9BN

Telephone
01480 463134

diana_boston@hotmail.com

Huntingdon

Built about 1130. Famous as the House of Green Knowe in the children's books by Lucy Boston. Her patchwork collection is on display. Garden, topiary and roses.

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Goodnestone Park Gardens

Address

Goodnestone, Wingham, Canterbury, Kent, CT3 1PL

Telephone
01304 840107

enquiries@goodnestoneparkgardens.co.uk

Canterbury

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Kimbolton Castle

Address

Kimbolton, Cambridgeshire, PE28 0EA

Telephone
01480 860505

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Cambridgeshire

Kimbolton Castle has a rich and fascinating history that has seen it develop from a wooden motte and bailey castle in Norman times, into the building it is today - home to Kimbolton School. The family seat of the Dukes of Manchester from 1615 to…

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High Beeches Woodland and Water Garden

Address

High Beeches Lane, Handcross, Haywards Heath, West Sussex, RH17 6HQ

Telephone
01444 400589

gardens@highbeeches.com

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Golden Age of pirates

History of piracy

History of piracy

1690s-1700

Post Spanish Succession

Pirates vs Privateers

The end of piracy

Best known privateers

Best known British pirates

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